Fig. 1

Identification of differentially expressed plasma EV non-canonical sncRNAs in gastric cancer. A Read summaries and length distributions of different small RNA categories under PANDORA-seq. B Heatmap displaying the expression profile of plasma EV small RNAs in GC group and healthy controls. C Scatter plot illustrating the changes in expression levels of miRNAs, piRNAs, rsRNAs, tsRNAs, and snoRNAs. D Ranked differential expression of top 10 upregulated (red) and downregulated (blue) sncRNAs (selection criteria: reads per million > 10, fold-change > 10). Parent RNA origins indicated by iconography (rRNA for rsRNAs, tRNA for tsRNAs). E. RT-qPCR validation of candidate sncRNAs in training cohort (24 GC patients vs 24 healthy controls). Data are shown as the mean ± SEMs. Significance determined by unpaired two-tailed Student's t-test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001