Table 6 Selected phase II-III clinical trials of cell-based cancer vaccines
Platform | Vaccine | Year, Phase, reference | Target cancer, Sample number | Route | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tumor cells | Oncovax: autologous tumor cells | 2001, phase III [201] | Resected stage II/III colon cancer /728 | Intradermal | Recurrence-free interval: annual odds reduction 25 ± 13% compared to placebo |
Tumor cells | Belagenpumatucel-L: four allogeneic NSCLC cell lines | 2015, phase III, NCT00676507 [204] | Stage III/IV NSCLC/532 | Intradermal | No improvement compared to placebo |
Tumor cells | Canvaxin: three allogeneic melanoma cell lines plus BCG | 2017, phase III, NCT00052156 [205] | Complete resection of stage IV melanoma/496 | Intradermal | No improvement compared to placebo |
Tumor cells | GVAX, Cy, and CRS-207 | 2019, phase IIb, NCT02004262 [213] | Previously treated metastatic PAAD/213 | Intradermal | No improvement compared to chemotherapy |
GVAX and ipilimumab | 2020, phase II, NCT01896869 [211] | Metastatic PDAC/82 | Intradermal | No improvement compared to chemotherapy | |
GVAX, Cy, nivolumab and urelumab | 2023, NCT02451982 [214] | Resectable PAAD/40 | Intradermal | No improvement compared to GVAX and Cy | |
DCs | Sipuleucel-T (Provenge) | 2010, phase III, NCT00065442 [224] | Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer/512 | Intravenous | Reduced 22% death risk and enhanced 4.1-month median survival compared to placebo |
DCs | DCVAC/Pca: autologous DCs exposed to a human prostate adenocarcinoma cell line | 2022, phase III, NCT02111577 [234] | Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer/1182 | Subcutaneous | No improvement compared to placebo, docetaxel, and prednisone |
DCs | DCVax-L: autologous DCs loaded with autologous tumor lysate | 2023, phase III, NCT00045968 [233] | Newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastoma/331 | Intradermal | Extended OS in new (19.3 vs 16.5months) and recurrent glioblastoma (13.2 vs 7.8 months) compared to placebo and temozolomide |