Table 2 Features of different cancer vaccine platforms
Vaccine platform | Advantages | Limitations | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
Peptide | Easy of production; Minimal toxicity; High specificity and safety | Limited immunogenicity; Short half-life; HLA restriction | OSE2101, IO101 |
DNA | Cost-effectiveness; Stable; Durable immunity | Risk of gene integration; Limited immunogenicity; Low transfection efficacy | GX-188E, VGX-3100 |
mRNA | Flexibly modified; Rapid production; Potent immune activation | Instability; Inefficient delivery; Prone to be degraded | BNT111, mRNA-4157(V940) |
Replication-defective viruses | High immunogenicity; High delivery efficiency | Pre-existing immunity; Unintended viral spread | TG4010, TroVax |
Virus-like particles | High immunogenicity; No risk of infection; Stable and Scalable production | Limited T-cell activation; Formulation issues; | Gardasil 9, ES2B-C001, CMP-001 |
Oncolytic viruses | Direct tumor lysis; Potent immune activation; Strong targeting | Safety risks; Immune clearance; Complex production | T-VEC, RP-1, JX-594 |
Tumor cells | Broad antigen coverage; Reduced off-target effects | Risk of tumorigenicity; Complex production | GVAX, M-Vax, Canvaxin |
Dendritic cells | Effective antigen presentation; Strong T cell activation | High cost; Complex production | Sipuleucel-T, Ilixadencel |