Fig. 6

Therapeutic targeting of T-cells to augment anti-cancer activity. T-cell antitumor activity can be increased through 1) inhibition of several immune checkpoint molecules, or 2) adoptive transfer of CAR T-cells, TCR T-cells, or tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). The scheme on the bottom left of the figure displays five major protein/ligand interactions (e.g. PD-1/PD-L1). Dotted-lines select the square enlargement including protein/ligand interaction between a T-cell and a DC. The scheme on the bottom right of the figure shows the five main steps of CAR T-cell and TCR T-cell therapy: 1) T-cell collection from blood patients; 2) viral vector-mediated introduction of a CAR gene or a TCR gene; 3) generation of CAR T-cells or TCR T-cells; 4) ex-vivo expansion of engineered T-cells (CAR T-cells or TCR T-cells); 5) infusion of CAR T-cells or TCR T-cells back into patients. This figure has been created with BioRender.com