Table 1 Global burden and trends of thyroid cancer from 1990 to 2021 by regions

Global

89,885(84,681—96,999)

2.062(1.951—2.224)

249,538(223,290—274,638)

2.914(2.607—3.213)

1.25(1.14–1.37)

21,893(20,437–24,108)

0.57(0.53–0.628)

44,799(39,925–48,541)

0.53(0.47–0.575)

− 0.24(− 0.27 to − 0.21)

Gender

Female

64,579(59,813–71,524)

2.859(2.656–3.157)

167,237(147,083–195,647)

3.826(3.363–4.486)

1.03(0.92–1.14)

14,531(13,201–16,693)

0.687(0.624–0.785)

26,768(23,015–30,905)

0.584(0.501–0.676)

− 0.58(− 0.61 to − 0.55)

Male

25,306(24,146–27,282)

1.222(1.168–1.313)

82,301(71,575–91,093)

1.98(1.721–2.188)

1.78(1.64–1.92)

7362(6917–8197)

0.425(0.399–0.474)

18,031(15,238–19,895)

0.469(0.397–0.516)

0.41(0.35–0.46)

SDI_regions

Low SDI

3431(2759–4296)

1.131(0.912–1.422)

12,358(9599–16,515)

1.689(1.328–2.2)

1.23(1.12–1.34)

1455(1199–1778)

0.599(0.491–0.735)

3392(2688–4329)

0.642(0.516–0.799)

0.19(0.11–0.28)

Low-middle SDI

8234(7035–10,302)

1.047(0.907–1.309)

33,464(27,896–40,293)

1.965(1.651–2.339)

2.09(2.07–2.12)

3015(2624–3757)

0.482(0.419–0.603)

8531(7411–9772)

0.598(0.522–0.679)

0.74(0.71–0.78)

Middle SDI

17,155(15,283–19,997)

1.351(1.212–1.597)

75,357(62,756–84,675)

2.711(2.259–3.047)

2.37(2.28–2.46)

5276(4815–6145)

0.535(0.49–0.63)

14,667(12,467–16,171)

0.568(0.484–0.626)

0.21(0.16–0.26)

High-middle SDI

24,411(22,753–25,920)

2.347(2.189–2.491)

55,158(49,518–62,489)

3.068(2.754–3.489)

1.05(0.89–1.21)

5609(5201–5935)

0.587(0.544–0.621)

8437(7553–9304)

0.434(0.388–0.479)

− 1.03(− 1.09 to − 0.97)

High SDI

36,533(35,292–37,708)

3.546(3.434–3.659)

72,996(68,514–76,747)

4.493(4.252–4.746)

1.01(0.75–1.28)

6505(6098–6798)

0.586(0.549–0.612)

9730(8466–10,437)

0.438(0.391–0.467)

− 0.91(− 0.96 to − 0.86)

GBD regions

North Africa and Middle East

3792(3151–5143)

1.694(1.407–2.299)

21,222(17,602–24,975)

3.653(3.053–4.269)

2.89(2.77–3.01)

658(546–937)

0.405(0.334–0.576)

1935(1676–2236)

0.446(0.388–0.523)

0.64(0.54–0.75)

South Asia

7853(6476–10,285)

1.013(0.842–1.316)

37,336(30,263–44,931)

2.136(1.737–2.557)

2.54(2.49–2.59)

2915(2454–3700)

0.483(0.405–0.611)

9324(7794–10,741)

0.632(0.529–0.726)

0.92(0.89–0.96)

Central Asia

914(841–996)

1.735(1.602–1.894)

1631(1432–1845)

1.748(1.54–1.97)

0.01(− 0.73–0.75)

253(236–274)

0.533(0.496–0.578)

339(302–379)

0.428(0.381–0.475)

− 0.81(− 1.43 to − 0.18)

Central Europe

4655(4429–4884)

3.198(3.043–3.356)

4876(4407–5323)

2.708(2.443–2.949)

− 0.65(− 0.86 to − 0.45)

1266(1213–1317)

0.864(0.826–0.899)

986(898–1065)

0.44(0.401–0.475)

− 2.37(− 2.65 to − 2.1)

Eastern Europe

6468(6164–6831)

2.426(2.314–2.562)

9617(8698–10,650)

3.202(2.899–3.548)

1.27(0.8–1.75)

1349(1274–1423)

0.496(0.468–0.523)

1651(1508–1807)

0.472(0.432–0.517)

− 0.25(− 0.6–0.09)

Australasia

586(522–660)

2.605(2.32–2.936)

1949(1570–2343)

4.566(3.702–5.543)

2.61(2.06–3.16)

98(87–109)

0.417(0.373–0.466)

199(161–237)

0.364(0.296–0.433)

0.14(− 0.13 to 0.41)

High-income Asia Pacific

6950(6496–7654)

3.419(3.185–3.768)

14,278(12,630–16,477)

4.396(3.942–5.153)

1.15(0.68–1.61)

1236(1126–1404)

0.642(0.58–0.729)

2844(2309–3186)

0.504(0.427–0.561)

− 0.82(− 0.98 to − 0.65)

High-income North America

12,130(11,695–12,450)

3.812(3.683–3.913)

28,289(26,783–29,536)

5.303(5.075–5.526)

1.15(0.97–1.33)

1392(1285–1450)

0.393(0.364–0.409)

2766(2473–2949)

0.414(0.375–0.44)

0.15(0.06–0.23)

Southern Latin America

1000(896–1119)

2.133(1.91–2.383)

2047(1787–2334)

2.541(2.22–2.901)

0.7(0.48–0.92)

359(325–395)

0.786(0.706–0.864)

485(426–554)

0.552(0.484–0.63)

− 1.01(− 1.26 to − 0.77)

Western Europe

19,206(18,292–20,159)

3.881(3.692–4.082)

26,005(23,788–28,201)

3.84(3.512–4.176)

0.28(− 0.1 to 0.67)

3951(3667–4174)

0.677(0.631–0.714)

3829(3319–4191)

0.387(0.344–0.42)

− 1.7(− 1.77 to − 1.64)

Andean Latin America

422(354–495)

1.76(1.472–2.05)

2424(1907–3044)

3.868(3.052–4.847)

2.6(2.44–2.77)

182(153–211)

0.899(0.759–1.043)

641(508–794)

1.101(0.871–1.363)

0.66(0.54–0.77)

Caribbean

443(411–479)

1.563(1.451–1.691)

1245(1086–1427)

2.358(2.055–2.704)

1.5(1.32–1.69)

143(132–156)

0.551(0.511–0.602)

321(281–368)

0.597(0.521–0.683)

0.42(0.2–0.65)

Central Latin America

1712(1651–1775)

1.714(1.651–1.775)

7753(6907–8701)

2.963(2.64–3.322)

1.66(1.52–1.8)

636(614–658)

0.787(0.755–0.815)

1965(1749–2165)

0.798(0.71–0.879)

− 0.07(− 0.26 to 0.11)

Tropical Latin America

1372(1299–1443)

1.285(1.217–1.349)

4491(4198–4758)

1.728(1.613–1.831)

0.76(0.6–0.91)

509(480–537)

0.58(0.54–0.614)

1253(1142–1332)

0.497(0.451–0.528)

− 0.6(− 0.69 to − 0.5)

East Asia

13,203(10,809–15,461)

1.301(1.075–1.517)

50,885(41,562–63,162)

2.53(2.07–3.145)

2.43(2.26–2.6)

3781(3212–4380)

0.478(0.411–0.552)

8064(6456–9800)

0.391(0.314–0.474)

− 0.65(− 0.74 to − 0.55)

Oceania

45(30–60)

1.192(0.834–1.59)

131(80–185)

1.363(0.854–1.872)

0.33(0.24–0.42)

15(10–19)

0.557(0.41–0.732)

37(23–50)

0.536(0.354–0.727)

− 0.13(− 0.16 to − 0.1)

Southeast Asia

6441(5206–7277)

2.021(1.678–2.321)

26,559(20,899–31,184)

3.615(2.856–4.239)

1.82(1.74–1.9)

2008(1698–2303)

0.809(0.692–0.957)

5643(4565–6451)

0.898(0.737–1.023)

0.32(0.24–0.4)

Central Sub-Saharan Africa

154(112–226)

0.568(0.412–0.822)

496(319–771)

0.691(0.446–1.086)

0.63(0.42–0.83)

78(58–113)

0.362(0.266–0.524)

183(118–284)

0.35(0.226–0.556)

− 0.11(− 0.23 to 0.01)

Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa

1908(1517–2388)

1.806(1.46–2.241)

6384(4630–9479)

2.408(1.767–3.452)

0.76(0.6–0.92)

839(686–1015)

1.009(0.824–1.215)

1801(1338–2486)

0.991(0.742–1.32)

− 0.18(− 0.29 to − 0.07)

Southern Sub-Saharan Africa

377(318–448)

1.091(0.912–1.3)

1117(935–1316)

1.612(1.34–1.884)

1.54(1.3–1.79)

124(102–148)

0.454(0.374–0.552)

324(264–372)

0.574(0.461–0.653)

0.92(0.65–1.18)

Western Sub-Saharan Africa

254(186–312)

0.218(0.161–0.264)

804(598–1069)

0.262(0.201–0.342)

0.52(0.45–0.58)

103(78–123)

0.11(0.084–0.131)

210(165–264)

0.097(0.079–0.122)

− 0.51(− 0.59 to − 0.43)

Global

646,741(599,119–717,357)

15.206(14.184–16.83)

1,246,485(1,094,416–1,375,853)

14.571(12.783–16.115)

− 0.14(− 0.17 to − 0.11)

Gender

Female

421,139(375,418–489,860)

18.824(16.867–21.844)

742,044(627,065–865,021)

16.695(14.087–19.586)

− 0.45(− 0.47 to − 0.42)

Male

225,602(210,319–250,806)

11.185(10.453–12.465)

504,440(421,688–563,175)

12.344(10.335–13.77)

0.41(0.35–0.46)

SDI_regions

Low SDI

52,662(43,472–63,948)

17.751(14.57–21.62)

120,143(93,673–157,131)

17.976(14.18–23.06)

− 0.05(− 0.12 to 0.02)

Low-middle SDI

103,648(90,343–129,887)

13.755(11.989–17.15)

269,914(229,089–316,826)

16.755(14.349–19.425)

0.67(0.63–0.7)

Middle SDI

166,177(149,966–190,691)

14.017(12.761–16.178)

416,218(350,751–460,889)

15.218(12.811–16.807)

0.28(0.22–0.34)

High-middle SDI

158,942(146,717–170,153)

15.569(14.397–16.646)

218,961(196,635–244,418)

11.628(10.442–13.018)

− 0.99(− 1.05 to − 0.92)

High SDI

164,382(155,871–173,718)

15.381(14.592–16.281)

220,136(201,450–237,835)

11.757(10.791–12.773)

− 0.77(− 0.86 to − 0.68)

GBD regions

North Africa and Middle East

21,944(18,189–30,746)

10.992(9.069–15.492)

65,316(55,454–76,496)

12.682(10.87–14.795)

0.76(0.66–0.86)

South Asia

105,303(88,400–135,793)

14.205(11.978–18.175)

302,257(249,828–356,789)

18.217(15.089–21.353)

0.85(0.82–0.87)

Central Asia

8145(7568–8817)

15.865(14.737–17.217)

10,273(9056–11,543)

11.663(10.329–13.029)

− 1.19(− 1.81 to − 0.57)

Central Europe

34,786(33,224–36,474)

23.489(22.423–24.619)

23,434(21,250–25,475)

11.604(10.503–12.654)

− 2.47(− 2.76 to − 2.17)

Eastern Europe

37,930(35,923–40,329)

13.857(13.108–14.727)

42,086(38,218–46,388)

12.867(11.664–14.145)

− 0.29(− 0.68–0.11)

Australasia

2544(2273–2868)

11.046(9.867–12.461)

5041(4104–6033)

10.615(8.673–12.782)

0.51(0.21–0.82)

High-income Asia Pacific

30,856(28,505–35,131)

15.357(14.147–17.485)

50,783(43,704–57,571)

11.815(10.45–13.68)

− 0.75(− 0.99 to − 0.5)

High-income North America

37,316(34,968–39,721)

11.231(10.512–11.973)

70,642(65,004–76,457)

11.964(11.039–13.029)

0.21(0.11–0.31)

Southern Latin America

9492(8618–10,470)

20.253(18.382–22.338)

11,960(10,465–13,594)

14.264(12.484–16.208)

− 1.02(− 1.28 to − 0.75)

Western Europe

94,707(89,027–100,543)

17.602(16.6–18.756)

84,465(75,823–92,550)

10.464(9.444–11.538)

− 1.5(− 1.64 to − 1.36)

Andean Latin America

5274(4419–6186)

23.024(19.325–26.969)

16,690(13,208–20,767)

27.535(21.722–34.253)

0.54(0.43–0.65)

Caribbean

4117(3769–4556)

14.915(13.667–16.462)

8690(7533–10,099)

16.344(14.15–18.983)

0.46(0.25–0.68)

Central Latin America

18,293(17,666–18,921)

19.538(18.869–20.227)

52,187(47,013–58,083)

20.391(18.359–22.673)

0(− 0.2 to 0.2)

Tropical Latin America

15,021(14,259–15,823)

14.784(14.015–15.58)

32,680(30,547–34,741)

12.678(11.831–13.486)

− 0.65(− 0.75 to − 0.55)

East Asia

116,582(98,062–136,721)

12.247(10.382–14.197)

213,609(173,066–262,362)

10.253(8.34–12.519)

− 0.56(− 0.67 to − 0.46)

Oceania

480(325–641)

13.903(9.845–18.463)

1174(725–1642)

13.548(8.609–18.629)

− 0.1(− 0.14 to − 0.06)

Southeast Asia

62,695(51,465–70,375)

21.408(17.908–24.29)

164,547(130,333–189,174)

23.604(18.798–27.013)

0.27(0.21–0.34)

Central Sub-Saharan Africa

2545(1889–3610)

9.444(6.945–13.656)

5956(3863–9188)

8.915(5.752–13.928)

− 0.19(− 0.31 to − 0.06)

Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa

31,046(25,044–38,047)

30.052(24.542–36.695)

66,491(48,520–94,804)

27.756(20.555–38.358)

− 0.43(− 0.55 to − 0.32)

Southern Sub-Saharan Africa

4035(3399–4776)

12.405(10.313–14.788)

10,253(8481–11,926)

15.667(12.84–18.144)

1(0.72–1.27)

Western Sub-Saharan Africa

3629(2762–4379)

3.184(2.411–3.818)

7951(6109–10,289)

2.816(2.214–3.549)

− 0.49(− 0.56 to − 0.42)