Fig. 5
From: Critical role of the gut microbiota in immune responses and cancer immunotherapy
Future intervention strategies to modificate gut microbiota in cancer immunotherapy. Targeting the association between the gut microbiome and cancer immunotherapy, modifying the gut microbiota with the latest intervention technologies could significantly advance the quality of individualized treatment. Listed here are the potential mechanisms behind the five microbiota modification strategies, which could be used to promote the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy in a precise manner. These intervention strategies are developed mainly based on current views of the crosstalk between the gut microbiota and the immune system. FMT, dietary regulation, probiotics, prebiotics, and engineered microbial products all can alter intestinal bacteria to enhance anti-tumor immune responses inside the TME, which consequently improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy